The Effects of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) on Environment and Molecular Techniques to Minimize Its Risk
Girma Haile,
Mulugeta Adamu,
Tadele Tekle
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
32-39
Received:
13 November 2020
Accepted:
1 December 2020
Published:
11 December 2020
Abstract: Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value. Genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Transgenic technology deals with the integration of exogenous DNA into the plant genome using gene transfer technologies. Genetically modified (GM) crop plants contain artificially inserted gene (s) or “transgenes” from another unrelated plant or from a completely different species via advanced genetic engineering techniques. Transgenic crops do not present new categories of environmental risk compared to conventional methods of crop improvement. Transgenic plants can be generated using (1) biolistic technique where in the desired gene is coated on to either gold or tungsten particles are shot into plant cells using a gene-gun. The necessary criterion for this is that cells or plant tissues should be suitable for transformation permit regeneration of a whole plant thereafter. (2) The other major gene transfer technique makes use of the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, containing a tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid including virulence (vir) gene (s) and a transferred-DNA (T-DNA) region, in which genes of interest can be inserted. Generally the gene that transfer from other organism to the desired crop (GM) can cause different environmental risks like, generation of super weed, development of tolerance to target herbicide, loss of biodiversity and sustainable resistance in insect pests, through gene flow. These risks can be minimized using different molecular techniques such as, maternal inheritance, male sterility, cleistogamy and apomixes, genetic use restriction technologies, genome incompatibility, controlling gene expression and transgenic mitigation.
Abstract: Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value. Genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Transgenic technology deals with the integration of exogenous DNA into the plant...
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Extraction of Dye from Detarium microcarpum and Its Application on Leather
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
40-48
Received:
16 November 2020
Accepted:
1 December 2020
Published:
31 December 2020
Abstract: The present research is aimed at extraction of dye from the seed of Detarium microcarpum (taura). The dye was extracted by soxhlet extractor using ethanol as the solvent. The dye produced was analyzed for its solubility, PH, functional group, and phytochemicals. The result of the solubility shows that the dye extracts have different solubility in different solvent medium as a result of the differences in composition of the solvent. From the FTIR result, the absorption band at 3302.4 cm-1 is due to the presence of –OH functional group from alcohol and –NH from amines, 1744.4 cm-1 is due to the presence of aldehydes and ketones which serves as auxochromes on the chromogen molecule responsible for the dyeing ability of the Detarium microcarpum extract. The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of phenol, quinines and Anthraquinones which are the secondary metabolites present in the seed of Detarium microcarpum. The dye extract can also be used to colour substances such as food, cotton, fabric, especially leather with a degree of performance as a result of the force or bonds formed between the dye molecules and the leather substrate. In the course of the soxlet extraction, it also revealed that the seed of Detarium microcarpum contained in it a bio-oil which was extracted alongside the dye. Result from FTIR revealed that the oil is also edible and consumable.
Abstract: The present research is aimed at extraction of dye from the seed of Detarium microcarpum (taura). The dye was extracted by soxhlet extractor using ethanol as the solvent. The dye produced was analyzed for its solubility, PH, functional group, and phytochemicals. The result of the solubility shows that the dye extracts have different solubility in d...
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